Fosfatasa alcalina (E.C.3.1.3.1): bioquímica y aplicaciones en las ciencias biomédicas, ecológicas y alimentarias
Alkaline phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.1): biochemistry and applications in biomedical, environmental and food sciences
Resumen
Las fosfatasas alcalinas (FAl; E.C.3.1.3.1) son una superfamilia de metaloenzimas homodiméricas que hidrolizan mono esteres orto fosfóricos unidos a nucleótidos, proteínas y muchos otros sustratos, a pH entre 8-11 y en presencia de iones Zn+2 y Mg+2. Se inhiben con Be++, Fe++, Cu++ y varios poli aniones. Varios estudios han confirmado su carácter pleiotrópico, pero nuevos estudios estructurales, cinéticos y genéticos revelan nuevos roles metabólicos y funcionales. La concentración de FAl total y/ o isoenzimas, ha sido explotada como marcador de varios fenómenos biológicos en ciencias biomédicas (e.g. funcionalidad renal, hepática y ósea), ambientales (e.g. fosfatos en suelo marino y su remoción de aguas residuales), zoología (e.g. ciclos de fertilidad en aves) y alimentos (e.g. pasteurización de la leche). Como herramienta analítica, seguirán dando pie al desarrollo de varias técnicas inmuno enzimáticas, para beneficio de las ciencias biológicas.
Abstract
The alkaline phosphatases (AP) are a superfamily of homodimeric metalloenzymes (E.C.3.1.3.1) that hydrolyze orthophosphoric monoesters linked to nucleotides, proteins and many other substrates, at pH 8-11 and in the presence of Zn+2 and Mg+2 ions. They are inhibited by Be++, Fe++, Cu++ and several anions. Several studies have confirmed their pleiotropic nature, but new structural, kinetic and genetic studies reveal novel metabolic and functional characteristics. Total AP concentration and/or isoenzyme quantification, has been exploited as a marker of several biological phenomenon in biomedical sciences (e.g. renal, hepatic and bone functionality), environmental (e.g. phosphate in the seafloor and its removal from wastewater), zoology (e.g. fertility cycles in birds) and food sciences (e.g. milk pasteurization). As an analytic tool, will give rise to the development in various immune enzymatic techniques for the benefit of the life sciences.
Keywords: alkaline phosphatase, enzyme kinetics, biomedicine, environmental sciences, food sciences.
Citas
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