Raleo químico de flores de manzano (Malus x domestica Borkh.) 'Golden Delicious' y 'RedChief Delicious'
Chemical thinning of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) flowers cvs. Golden Delicious and RedChief Delicious
Resumen
Aunque el raleo es una práctica común en la región productora de manzana (Malus x domestica Borkh.) del estado de Chihuahua, aún es frecuente que se lleve a cabo de manera manual, tardía, poco eficiente y costosa. El raleo químico es una práctica cada vez más común. En manzano, el raleo de flores o frutos incrementa la calidad de los frutos y reduce la alternancia en la producción. Para maximizar los beneficios de esta práctica, se evaluó la eficiencia de los siguientes compuestos asperjados durante la floración: ácido naftalenacético, cianamida hidrogenada, tiosulfato de amonio, bencil adenina, ácido giberélico y una mezcla de cal-azufre y aceite de pescado como raleadores químicos de flores en los cultivares Golden Delicious y RedChief Delicious. Otro tratamiento consistió en las aplicaciones de la mezcla de cal-azufre y aceite de pescado en floración, además de una aspersión con ácido naftalenacético en post-floración. Los resultados se compararon con un testigo con un raleo manual tardío y un tratamiento con raleo manual en floración. En ambos cultivares, el tratamiento de cal-azufre en floración y ácido naftalenacético en post-floración, redujo significativamente el cuajado de frutos sin reducir el rendimiento a cosecha. Además, con este mismo tratamiento se obtuvieron los frutos de mayor tamaño a la cosecha. Los tratamientos con cal-azufre y aceite de pescado provocaron roseteado en los frutos ‘Golden Delicious’. El tratamiento con ácido naftalenacético en floración redujo significativamente la alternancia de la producción observada en ‘Golden Delicious’.
Abstract
Although thinning is a common practice in the productive apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) region in the state of Chihuahua, it is still often performed manually, belated, innefficient and costly. Chemical thinning is an increasingly common practice. In apple trees, flower or fruit thinning increases the fruit quality and reduces alternate bearing in the apple production. To maximize the benefits of this practice, it was assessed efficiency of the following products: naphthaleneacetic acid, hydrogen cyanamide, ammonium thiosulfate, benzyladenine, gibberelic acid, and a mixture of lime-sulfur and fish oil as chemical thinners of flowers in the cultivars Golden Delicious and RedChief Delicious, sprayed during bloom was evaluated. Another treatment consisted of the application of the lime-sulfur mixture and fish oil at bloom plus a spraying with naphthaleneacetic acid at post-bloom stage. The results were compared with a late manual thinning as control, and with a treatment of manual thinning during bloom. In both cultivars, the treatment with lime- sulfur at bloom and naphthaleneacetic acid at post-bloom, significantly reduced fruit set without reducing crop yield. Furthermore, there were obtained larger fruits at harvest with this same treatment. Treatments with lime-sulfur and fish oil resulted in russeting on 'Golden Delicious' fruits. Naphthaleneacetic acid treatment during bloom significantly reduced alternate bearing observed in cv. 'Golden Delicious'.
Keywords: Malus x domestica Borkh., fruit set, return bloom, russeting.
Citas
Anónimo. 2004. Sistema de Análisis Estadístico (SAS) versión 9.0 Institute Inc. Cary, NC.
Berlanga, D.I., A. Romo, A.R. Martínez & V.M. Guerrero. 2008. Apple fruit chemical thinning in Chihuahua, Mexico. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 31(3):243–250. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61031307
Bertelsen, M.G. & D.S. Tustin. 2002. Suppression of flower bud formation in light cropping trees of ‘Pacific Rose’ apple using gibberellin sprays. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 77(6):753-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2002.11511568
Dennis Jr., F.G. 2000. The history of fruit thinning. Plant Growth Regulation 31(1):1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006330009160
Dennis Jr., F.G. 2002. Mechanisms of action of apple thinning chemicals. HortScience 37(3):471-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.37.3.471
Fallahi, E., C.R. Rom & B. Fallahi. 2006. Effects of hydrogen cyanamide, ammonium thiosulfate, endothalic acid, and sulfa carbamide on blossom thinning, fruit quality, and yield of apples. Journal of the American Pomological Society 60:198-204.
Fallahi, E., M.W. Williams & W.M. Colt. 1997. Blossom thinning of ‘Law Rome Beauty’ apple with hydrogen cyanamide and monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate. Journal of Tree Fruit Production 2(1):33-44. https://doi.org/10.1300/J072v02n01_03
Fallahi, E. & K.M. Willemsen. 2002. Blossom thinning of pome and stone fruit. HortScience 37(3):474-477. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.37.3.474
Ferree, D.C., D.M. Scurlock & J.C. Schmid. 2004. Influence of application time and giberellic acid concentration on ‘Seyval Blanc’ grapes. Journal of the American Pomological Society 58(4):220-225.
Forshey, C.G. 1986. Chemical fruit thinning of apples. New York´s Food and Life Sciences Bulletin 116:1-7. https://hdl.handle.net/1813/5147
Greene, D.W. 2002. Chemicals, timing, and environmental factors involved in thinner efficacy on apple. HortScience 37(3):477- 481. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.37.3.477
Guerrero, V.M., A. Romo, J.A. Orozco, D.I. Berlanga, A.A. Gardea & R.A. Parra. 2006. Polinización en manzanos ‘Red Delicious’ y ‘Golden Delicious’. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 29(1):41-45. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61029106
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. 2007. Anuario estadístico de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. INEGI. https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/biblioteca/ficha.html?upc=702825168629
Jackson, J.E. 2003. Biology of Apples and Pears. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511542657. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542657
Janoudi, A. & J.A. Flore. 2005. Application of ammonium thiosulfate for blossom thinning in apples. Scientia Horticulturae 104(2):161-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.08.016
Lenahan, O.M. & M.D. Whiting. 2006. Physiological and horticultural effects of sweet cherry chemical blossom thinners. HortScience 41(7):1547-1551. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.7.1547
Lombard, P.B., N.W. Callan, F.G. Dennis Jr., N.E. Looney, G.C. Martin, A.R. Renquist & E.A. Mielke. 1988. Towards a standardized nomenclature, procedures, values, and units in determining fruit and nut tree yield performance. HortScience 23(5):813-817. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.23.5.813
Mcartney, S., J. Palmer, S. Davies & S. Seymour. 2006. Effects of lime sulfur and fish oil on pollen tube growth, leaf photosynthesis and fruit set in apple. HortScience 41(2):357-360. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.2.357
Miranda, C., L.G. Santesteban & J.B. Royo. 2005. Removal of the most developed flowers influences fruit set, quality, and yield of apple clusters. HortScience 40(2):353-356. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.40.2.353
Nichols, D., C.H. Embree, J. Cline & H.Y. Ju. 2004. Blossom and fruitlet thinners affect crop load, fruit weight, seed number, and return bloom of ‘Northern Spy’ apple. HortScience 39(6):1309-1312. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.39.6.1309
Richardson, E.A., S. Seeley & D. Walker. 1974. A model for estimating the completion of rest of ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Elberta’ peach trees. HortScience 9(4):331-332. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.9.4.331
Schupp, J., J. McFerson & T. Robinson. 2005. Alternative methods for apple thinning. The Compact Fruit Tree 38:21- 22.
Stopar, M. 1998.Apple fruitlet thinning and photosynthate supply. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 73(4):461-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1998.11510999
Unión Agrícola Regional de Fruticultores del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C. 2007. Estadísticas realizadas por la UNIFRUT. UNIFRUT.
Unttiedt, R. & M. Blanke. 2001. Effects of fruit thinning agents on apple tree canopy photosynthesis and dark respiration. Plant Growth Regulation 35:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013894901621
Waldner, W. & M. Knoll. 1998. The influence of fruit load on biennial bearing of ‘Fuji’. The Compact Fruit Tree 31(1):25-29. http://virtualorchard.com/idfta/cft/1998/vol31no1/waldner/waldner.pdf
Wertheim, S.J. 2000. Developments in the chemical thinning of apple and pear. Plant Growth Regulation 31(1):85-100. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006383504133
Wismer, P.T., J.T.A Proctor & D.C. Elfving. 1995. Benzyladenine affects cell division and cell size during apple fruit thinning. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120(5):802-807. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.120.5.802
Derechos de autor 2020 TECNOCIENCIA Chihuahua
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0.
